Boulder vs Microsoft Active Directory

Boulder is an open-source ACME certificate authority written in Go and used to run Let’s Encrypt. ACME lets a certificate authority verify control of an identifier and allows subscribers to issue or revoke certificates for identifiers they control. Boulder divides its work among web front ends, registration and validation authorities, a certificate authority, storage authority, publisher, and CRL updater. These boundaries separate CA functions by security context, with the certificate authority receiving instructions from the registration authority. Components communicate through gRPC, and the software stores ACME accounts, authorizations, challenges, orders, and certificates. Boulder is free under the Mozilla Public License 2.0 and is listed for API, Linux, and self-hosted use. Maintainers recommend Docker and Docker Compose for development and experimentation, and document connecting Certbot or another ACME client to a local instance. That Docker environment is not suitable for production: it uses publicly available private key material, exposes debug ports, and is described as brittle when components fail. Boulder is built for Let’s Encrypt and Web PKI baseline requirements; maintainers say it often does not fit other organizations’ production needs.

Microsoft Active Directory has no write-up on Specifiction yet; its figures are above.