cvc5 vs UPPAAL

cvc5 is a free, open-source solver for satisfiability modulo theories problems. It determines whether first-order formulas are satisfiable or valid across combinations of background theories, including arrays, bit-vectors, floating-point numbers, arithmetic, and strings. It also has a Syntax-Guided Synthesis engine for synthesizing functions against those theories.

The solver can run as a standalone command-line tool or be used as a library, with C++, C, Java, and Python APIs. Its binary accepts SMT-LIB v2 and SyGuS-IF input, and it can produce proofs and unsatisfiable cores to explain unsatisfiability results. The project links to an online interface for running SMT-LIB scripts and provides source releases and binaries for Linux, macOS, and Windows. cvc5 is led jointly by Stanford University and the University of Iowa. Research and commercial use are described as essentially unrestricted. The default license is modified BSD; using optional GPLv3 dependencies makes the combined work subject to GPLv3.

UPPAAL is an integrated environment for modeling, simulating, and verifying real-time systems as networks of timed automata. Its language supports clock and data variables, including bounded integers and arrays. The model checker uses symbolic state-space exploration for invariant and reachability properties and can produce diagnostic traces. Statistical Model Checking estimates probabilities, compares a probability with a value, or compares two probabilities. UPPAAL Stratego supports generating, optimizing, comparing, and exploring strategies for stochastic priced timed games. Related tools include CORA, TRON, TIGA, ECDAR, and COSHY for cost-optimal analysis, testing, timed games, refinement, and hybrid-system control. Typical applications include real-time controllers and timing-critical communication protocols. Desktop packages support Windows, macOS, and Linux, including macOS x86_64 and Aarch64. The graphical interface needs Java 17 or later; verifyta runs without Java. Academic users register for a free license key, retrieved over the internet. Commercial and other non-academic use requires a separate license.